Genetic studies about the Balkans herpetofauna

Species list of the Balkans herpetofauna (excluding the marine turtles) with particular works on its molecular research (phylogeny or phylogeography) is given*. Because there are several concepts how to demarcate the Balkans in the north (Džukić & Kalezić, 2004; Reed et al., 2004), I consider the Balkans for the purpose of this checklist, to be within the political borders of countries, which extend to the geographical concept of the Balkan Peninsula: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and the territory of Kosovo, Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, and the European part of Turkey. Eastern Aegean Islands and Crete are included. The taxonomy follows the work of Speybroeck et al. (2010) and Speybroeck et al. (2016) with respect to the current changes.

*If you find any mistakes or notice a new research (articles), please let me know – daniel.jablonski@balcanica.cz

Class: Amphibia

Order: Caudata

Family: Salamandridae

1 Ichthyosaura alpestris

Sotiropoulos, K., K. Eleftherakos, G. Džukić, M.L. Kalezić, A. Legakis & R.M. Polymeni. 2007. Phylogeny and biogeography of the alpine newt Mesotriton alpestris (Salamandridae, Caudata), inferred from mtDNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45: 211-226.

Sotiropoulos, K., K. Eleftherakos, M.L. Kalezić, A. Legakis & R.M. Polymeni. 2008. Genetic structure of the alpine newt, Mesotriton alpestris (Salamandridae, Caudata), in the southern limit of its distribution: Implication for conservation. Biochem. Sys. Ecol. 36: 297-311.

Recuero E., D. Buckley, M. Garcia-Paris, J.W. Arntzen, D. Cogalniceanu & I. Martínez-Solano. 2014. Evolutionary history of Ichthyosaura alpestris (Caudata, Salamandridae) inferred from the combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 81: 207-220.

2 Lissotriton montandoni

Babik, W., W. Branicki, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, D. Cogălniceanu, I. Sas, K. Olgun, N.A. Poyarkov, M. Garcia-París & J.W. Arntzen. 2005. Phylogeography of two European newt species – discordance between mtDNA and morphology. Mol. Ecol. 14: 2475-2491.

Zieliński, P., K. Nadachowska-Brzyska, B. Wielstra, R. Szkotak, S.D. Covaciu-Marcov, D. Cogălniceanu & W. Babik. 2013. No evidence for nuclear introgression despite complete mtDNA replacement in the Carpathian newt (Lissotriton montandoni). Mol. Ecol. 22: 1884-1903.

Zieliński, P., K. Dudek, M.T. Stuglik, M. Liana & W. Babik. 2014. Single nucleotide polymorphism reveal genetic structuring of the Carpathian newt and provide evidence of interspecific gene flow in the nuclear genome. Plos ONE. 9: e97431.

3 Lissotriton vulgaris

Steinfartz, S., S. Vicario, J.W. Arntzen & A. Caccone. 2007. A Bayesian Approach on Molecules and Behavior: Reconsidering Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Petterns of the Salamandridae with Emphasis on Triturus Newts. Journal of Experimental Zoology B (Mol. Dev. Evol.). 308: 139-162.

Pabijan, M., P. Zieliński, K. Dudek, M. Chloupek, K. Sotiropoulos, M. Liana & W. Babik. 2015. The dissection of a Pleistocene refugium: phylogeography of the smooth newt, Lissotriton vulgaris, in the Balkans. J. Biogeogr. 42: 671-683.

4 Lyciasalamandra helverseni

5 Salamandra atra

Riberon, A., C. Miaud, K. Grossenbacher & P. Taberlet. 2001. Phylogeography of the Alpine salamander, Salamandra atra (Salamandridae) and the influence of the Pleistocene climatic oscillations on population divergence. Mol. Ecol. 10: 2555-2560.

Bonato, L. & S. Steinfartz. 2005. Evolution of the melanistic colour in the Alpine salamander Salamandra atra as revealed by a new subspecies from the Venetian Prealps. Ital. J. Zoolog. 72: 253-260.

Razpet, A., E. Šunje, B. Kalamujić, U. Tulić, N. Pojskić, D. Stanković, I. Krizmanić & S. Marić. 2016. Genetic differentiation and population dynamics of Alpine salamanders (Salamandra atra, Laurenti 1768) in Southeastern Alps and Dinarides. Herpetol. J. 26: 109-117.

6 Salamandra salamandra

Steinfartz, S., M. Veith & D. Tautz. 2000. Mitochondrial sequence analysis of Salamandra taxa suggests old splits of major lineages and postglacial recolonizations of Central Europe from distinct source populations of Salamandra salamandra. Mol. Ecol. 9: 397-410.

Vences, M., E. Sanchez, J.S. Hauswaldt, D. Eikelmann, A. Rodríguez, S. Carranza, D. Donaire, M. Gehara, V. Helfer, S. Lötters, P. Werner, S. Schulz & S. Steinfartz. 2014. Nuclear and mitochondrial multilocus phylogeny and survey of alkaloid content in true salamanders of the genus Salamandra (Salamandridae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 73: 208-216.

7 Triturus carnifex

Wallis, G.P. & J.W. Arntzen. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA variation in the crested newt superspecies: limited cytoplasmic gene flow among species. Evolution. 43: 88-104.

Arntzen, J.W., G.E. Themudo & B. Wielstra. 2007. The phylogeny of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies): nuclear and mitochondrial genetic characters suggest a hard polytomy, in line with the paleogeography of the centre of origin. Contrib. Zool. 76: 261-278.

Espregueira Themudo, G., B. Wielstra & J.W. Arntzen. 2009. Multiple nuclear and mitochondrial genes resolve the branching order of a rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus, Salamandridae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 52: 321-328.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2011. Unraveling the rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) using comlete mitogenom sequences. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 162.

Canestrelli, D., D. Salvi, M. Maura, M.A. Bologna & G. Nascetti. 2012. One species, three Pleistocene evolutionary histories: Phylogeography of the Italian Crested Newt, Triturus carnifex. Plos ONE. 7: e41754.

Wielstra, B., A.B. Baird & J.W. Arntzen. 2013. A multimarker phylogeography of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) reveals cryptic species. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 67: 167-175.

Arntzen, J.W., B. Wielstra & G.P. Wallis. 2014. The modality of nine Triturus newt hybrid zones assessed with nuclear, mitochondrial and morphological data. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 113: 604-622.

Wielstra, B., E. Duijm, P. Lagler, Y. Lammers, W.R.M. Meilink, J.M. Ziermann & J.W. Arntzen. Parallel tagged amplicon sequencing of transcriptome-based genetic markers for Triturus newts with the Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing platform. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 14: 1080-1089.

8 Triturus cristatus

Wallis, G.P. & J.W. Arntzen. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA variation in the crested newt superspecies: limited cytoplasmic gene flow among species. Evolution. 43: 88-104.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2011. Unraveling the rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) using comlete mitogenom sequences. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 162.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2012. Postglacial species displacement in Triturus newts deduced from asymmetrically introgressed mitochondrial DNA and ecological niche models. BMC Evol. Biol. 12: 161.

Wielstra, B., W. Beukema, J.W. Arntzen, A.K. Skidmore, A. G. Toxopeus & N. Raes. 2012. Corresponding mitochondrial DNA and niche divergence for Crested Newt candidate species. Plos ONE. 7: e46671.

Wielstra, B., J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, S.N. Litvinchuk, B.T. Reijnen, A.K. Skidmore, K. Sotiropoulos, A.G. Toxopeus, N. Tzankov, T. Vukov & J.W. Arntzen. 2013. Tracing glacial refugia of Triturus newts based on mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and species distribution modeling. Frontiers in Zoology 10: 13.

Wielstra, B., A.B. Baird & J.W. Arntzen. 2013. A multimarker phylogeography of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) reveals cryptic species. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 67: 167-175.

Arntzen, J.W., B. Wielstra & G.P. Wallis. 2014. The modality of nine Triturus newt hybrid zones assessed with nuclear, mitochondrial and morphological data. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 113: 604-622.

Wielstra, B., W. Babik & J.W. Arntzen. 2015. The crested newt Triturus cristatus recolonized temperate Eurasia from an extra-Mediterranean glacial refugium. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 114: 574-587.

9 Triturus dobrogicus

Wallis, G.P. & J.W. Arntzen. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA variation in the crested newt superspecies: limited cytoplasmic gene flow among species. Evolution. 43: 88-104.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2011. Unraveling the rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) using comlete mitogenom sequences. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 162.

Wielstra, B., W. Beukema, J.W. Arntzen, A.K. Skidmore, A. G. Toxopeus & N. Raes. 2012. Corresponding mitochondrial DNA and niche divergence for Crested Newt candidate species. Plos ONE. 7: e46671.

Wielstra, B., A.B. Baird & J.W. Arntzen. 2013. A multimarker phylogeography of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) reveals cryptic species. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 67: 167-175.

Arntzen, J.W., B. Wielstra & G.P. Wallis. 2014. The modality of nine Triturus newt hybrid zones assessed with nuclear, mitochondrial and morphological data. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 113: 604-622.

Wielstra, B., E. Duijm, P. Lagler, Y. Lammers, W.R.M. Meilink, J.M. Ziermann & J.W. Arntzen. 2014. Parallel tagged amplicon sequencing of transcriptome-based genetic markers for Triturus newts with the Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing platform. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 14: 1080-1089.

Vörös, J., P. Mikulíček, Á. Major, E. Recuero & J.W. Arntzen. Phylogeographic analysis reveals northerly refugia for the riverine amphibian Triturus dobrogicus (Caudata: Salamandridae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 119: 974-991.

10 Triturus ivanbureschi

Wallis, G.P. & J.W. Arntzen. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA variation in the crested newt superspecies: limited cytoplasmic gene flow among species. Evolution. 43: 88-104.

Wielstra, B., G.E. Themudo, Ö. Güçlü, K. Olgun, N.A. Poyarkov & J.W. Arntzen. 2010. Cryptic crested newt diversity at the Eurasian transition: The mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of Near Eastern Triturus newts. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 56: 888-896.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2011. Unraveling the rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) using comlete mitogenom sequences. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 162.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2012. Postglacial species displacement in Triturus newts deduced from asymmetrically introgressed mitochondrial DNA and ecological niche models. BMC Evol. Biol. 12: 161.

Wielstra, B., W. Beukema, J.W. Arntzen, A.K. Skidmore, A. G. Toxopeus & N. Raes. 2012. Corresponding mitochondrial DNA and niche divergence for Crested Newt candidate species. Plos ONE. 7: e46671.

Wielstra, B., A.B. Baird & J.W. Arntzen. 2013. A multimarker phylogeography of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) reveals cryptic species. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 67: 167-175.

Wielstra, B., S.N. Litvinchuk, B. Naumov, N. Tzankov & J.W. Arntzen. 2013. A revised taxonomy of crested newts in the Triturus karelinii group (Amphibia: Caudata: Salamandridae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 3682: 441-453.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2014. Exploring the effect of asymmetric mitochondrial DNA introgression on estimating niche divergence in morphologically cryptic species. Plos ONE. 9: e95504.

Arntzen, J.W., B. Wielstra & G.P. Wallis. 2014. The modality of nine Triturus newt hybrid zones assessed with nuclear, mitochondrial and morphological data. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 113: 604-622.

11 Triturus macedonicus

Wallis, G.P. & J.W. Arntzen. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA variation in the crested newt superspecies: limited cytoplasmic gene flow among species. Evolution. 43: 88-104.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2011. Unraveling the rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) using comlete mitogenom sequences. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 162.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2012. Postglacial species displacement in Triturus newts deduced from asymmetrically introgressed mitochondrial DNA and ecological niche models. BMC Evol. Biol. 12: 161.

Wielstra, B., W. Beukema, J.W. Arntzen, A.K. Skidmore, A. G. Toxopeus & N. Raes. 2012. Corresponding mitochondrial DNA and niche divergence for Crested Newt candidate species. Plos ONE. 7: e46671.

Wielstra, B., A.B. Baird & J.W. Arntzen. 2013. A multimarker phylogeography of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) reveals cryptic species. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 67: 167-175.

Wielstra, B. & J.W. Arntzen. 2014. Exploring the effect of asymmetric mitochondrial DNA introgression on estimating niche divergence in morphologically cryptic species. Plos ONE. 9: e95504.

Arntzen, J.W., B. Wielstra & G.P. Wallis. 2014. The modality of nine Triturus newt hybrid zones assessed with nuclear, mitochondrial and morphological data. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 113: 604-622.

Family: Proteidae

12 Proteus anguinus

Gorički, Š. & P. Trontelj. 2006. Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region and flanking sequences in the European cave salamander Proteus anguinus. Gene. 378: 31-41.

Family: Bombinatoridae

13 Bombina bombina

Vörös, J., M. Alcobendas, I. Martínez-Solano & M. García-París. 2006. Evolution of Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata (Anura: Discoglossidae) in the Carpathian Basin: A history of repeated mt-DNA introgression across species. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 38: 705-718.

Hofman, S., C. Spolsky, T. Uzzell, D. Cogălniceanu, W. Babik & J.M. Szymura. 2007. Phylogeography of the fire-bellied toads Bombina: independent Pleistocene histories inferred from mitochondrial genomes. Mol. Ecol. 16: 2301-2316.

Fijarczyk, A., K. Nadachowska, S. Hofman, S.N. Litvinchuk, W. Babik, M. Stuglik, G. Gollmann, L. Choleva, D. Cogălniceanu, T. Vukov, G. Džukić & J.M. Szymura. 2011. Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeography of the European fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata supports their independent histories. Mol. Ecol. 20: 3381-3398.

Pabijan, M., A. Wandycz, S. Hofman, K. Węcek, M. Piwczyński & J.M. Szymura. 2013. Complete mitochondrial genomes resolve phylogenetic relationships within Bombina (Anura: Bombinatoridae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 69: 63-74.

14 Bombina variegata

Family: Pelobatidae

15 Pelobates fuscus

Eggert, C., D. Cogălniceanu, M. Veith, G. Džukić & P. Taberlet. 2006. The declining Spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Pelobatidae): paleo and recent environmental changes as a major influence on current population structure and status. Conserv. Genet. 7: 185-195.

Crottini, A., F. Andreone, J. Kosuch, L.J. Borkin, S.N. Litvinchuk, C. Eggert & M. Veith. 2007. Fossorial but widespread: the phylogeography of the common spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus), and the role of the Po Valley as a major source of genetic variability. Mol. Ecol. 16: 2734-2754.

Litvinchuk, S.N., A. Crottini, S. Federici, P. de Pous, D. Donaire, F. Andreone, M.L. Kalezić, G. Dzukić, G.A. Lada, L.J. Borkin & J.M. Rosanov. 2013. Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact. Org. Divers. Evol. 13: 433-451.

16 Pelobates syriacus

Family: Bufonidae

17 Bufo bufo

Garcia-Porta, J., S.N. Litvinchuk, P.A. Crochet, A. Romano, P.H. Geniez, M. Lo-Valvo, P. Lymberakis & S. Carranza. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of the west-palearctic common toads (Bufo bufo species complex). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 63: 113-130.

Recuero, E., D. Canestrelli, J. Vörös, K. Szabó, N.A. Poyarkov, J.W. Arntzen, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, A.A. Kidov, D. Cogalniceanu, F.P. Caputo, G. Nescetti & I. Martínez-Solano. 2012. Multilocus species tree analyses resolve the radiation of the widespread Bufo bufo species group (Anura, Bufonidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 62: 71-86.

Arntzen, J.W., E. Recuero, D. Canestrelli & I. Martínez-Solano. 2013. How complex is the Bufo bufo species group? Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 69: 1203-1208.

18 Bufotes viridis complex

Stöck, M., C. Moritz, M. Hickerson, D. Frynta, T. Dujsebayeva, V. Eremchenko, J.R. Macey, T.J. Papenfuss & D.B. Wake. 2006. Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 41: 663-689.

Stöck, M, A. Sicilia, N.M. Belfiore, D. Buckley, S. Lo Brutto, M. Lo Valvo & M. Arculeo. 2008. Post-Messinian evolutionary relationships across the Sicilian channel: Mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from Sicily to African relatives. BMC Evol. Biol. 8: 56.

Özdemir, N., S. Gül, N.A. Poyarkov Jr., B. Kutrup, M. Tosonoğlu & S. Doglio. 2014. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Bufotes variabilis (syn. Pseudepidalea variabilis) (Pallas, 1769) in Turkey. Turk. J. Zool. 38: 412-420.

Family: Hylidae

19 Hyla arborea

Stöck, M., S. Dubey, C. Klütsch, S.N. Litvinchuk, U. Scheidt & N. Perrin. 2008. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogeny of circum-Mediterranean tree frogs from the Hyla arborea group. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 49: 1019-1024.

Stöck, M., C. Dufresnes, S.N. Litvinchuk, P. Lymberakis, S. Biollay, M. Berroneau, A. Borzée, K. Ghali, M. Ogielska & N. Perrin. 2012. Cryptic diversity among Western Palearctic tree frogs: Postglacial range expansion, range limits, and secondary contacts of three European tree frog lineages (Hyla arborea group). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 65: 1-9.

Dufresnes, C., J. Wassef, K. Ghali, A. Brelsford, M. Stöck, P. Lymberakis, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović & N. Perrin. 2013. Conservation phylogeography: does historical diversity contribute to regional vulnerability in European tree frogs (Hyla arborea)? Mol. Ecol. 22: 5669-5684.

Gvoždík, V., D. Canestrelli, M. García-París, J. Moravec, G. Nascetti, E. Recuero, J. Teixeira & P. Kotlík. 2015. Speciation history and widespread introgression in the European short-call tree frogs (Hyla arborea sensu lato, H. intermedia and H. sarda). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 83: 143-155.

Dufresnes, C., A. Brelsford, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, N. Tzankov, P. Lymberakis & N. Perrin. 2015. Timeframe of speciation inferred from secondary contact zones in the European tree frog radiation (Hyla arborea group). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 155.

20 Hyla orientalis

Dufresnes, C., S.N. Litvinchuk, J. Leuenberger, K. Ghali, O. Zinenko, M. Stöck & N. Perrin. 2016. Evolutionary melting pots: a biodiversity hotspot shaped by ring diversiﬁcations around the Black Sea in the Eastern tree frog (Hyla orientalis). Mol. Ecol. 25: 4285-4300.

Family: Ranidae

21 Pelophylax bedriagae

Lymberakis, P., N. Poulakakis, G. Manthalou, C.S. Tsigenopoulos, A. Magoulas & M. Mylonas. 2007. Mitochondrial phylogeography of Rana (Pelophylax) populations in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44: 115-125.

Akin, C., C.C. Bilgin, P. Beerli, R. Westaway, T. Ohst, S.N. Litvinchuk, T. Uzzel, M. Bilgin, H. Hotz, G-D. Guex & J. Plötner. 2010. Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in eastern Mediterranean water frogs were determited by geological processes and climate change in the Late Cenozoic. J. Biogeogr. 37: 2111-2124.

Hotz, H., P. Beerli, T. Uzzell, G.-D. Guex, N.B.M. Pruvost, R. Schreiber & J. Plötner. 2013. Balancing a cline by influx of migrants: A genetic transition in water frogs of eastern Greece. J. Hered. 104: 57-71.

22 Pelophylax cretensis

Hofman, S., M. Pabijan, A. Osikowski & J.M. Szymura. 2014. Complete mitochondrial genome of the Greek marsch frog Pelophylax cretensis (Anura, Ranidae). Mitochondrial DNA. 20: 1-2.

23 Pelophylax epeiroticus

Hofman, S., M. Pabijan, A. Osikowski, S.N. Litvinchuk & J.M. Szymura. 2015. Phylogenetic relationships among four new complete mitogenome sequences of Pelophylax (Amphibia: Anura) from the Balkans and Cyprus. Mitochondrial DNA. DOI:10.3109/19401736.2015.1025266

24 Pelophylax kl. esculentus

25 Pelophylax lessonae

26 Pelophylax ridibundus

27 Pelophylax shqipericus

28 Rana arvalis

Babik, W., W. Branicki, M. Šandera, S. Litvinchuk, L.J. Borkin, J.T. Irwin & J. Rafiński. 2004. Mitochondrial phylogeography of the moor frog, Rana arvalis. Mol. Ecol. 13: 1469-1480.

29 Rana dalmatina

Veith, M., J. Kosuch & M. Vences. 2003. Climatic oscillations triggered post-Messinian speciation of Western Palearctic brown frogs (Amphibia, Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26: 310-327.

Vences, M. J.S. Hauswaldt, S. Steinfartz, O. Rupp, A. Goesmann, S. Künzel, P. Orozco-terWengel, D.R. Vieites, S. Nieto-Roman, S. Hass, C. Laugsch, M. Gehara, S. Bruchmann, M. Pabijan, A.K. Ludewig, D. Rudert, C. Angelini, L.J. Borkin, P.A. Crochet, A. Crottini, A. Dubois, G.F. Ficetola, P. Galán, P. Geniez, M. Hachtel, O. Jovanovic, S.N. Litvinchuk, P. Lymberakis, A. Ohler & N.A. Smirnov. 2013. Radically different phylogeographies and patterns of genetic variation in two European brown frogs, genus Rana. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 68: 657-670.

Marosi, B., T. Sos, I.V. Ghira & O. Popescu. 2013. COI based phylogeography and itraspecific genetic variation of Rana dalmatina populations in the vicinity of the Carpathians. German J. Zool. Res. 1: 7-16.

Canestrelli, D., R. Bisconti, F. Sacco & G. Nascetti. 2014. What triggers the rising of an intraspecific biodiversity hotspot? Hints from the agile frog. Scientific Reports. 4: 5042.

30 Rana graeca

Veith, M., J. Kosuch & M. Vences. 2003. Climatic oscillations triggered post-Messinian speciation of Western Palearctic brown frogs (Amphibia, Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26: 310-327.

31 Rana latastei

Veith, M., J. Kosuch & M. Vences. 2003. Climatic oscillations triggered post-Messinian speciation of Western Palearctic brown frogs (Amphibia, Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26: 310-327.

Ficetola, G.F., T.W.J. Garner & F. De Bernardi. 2007. Genetic diversity, but not hatching success, is jointly affected by postglacial colonization and isolation in the threatened frog, Rana latastei. Mol. Ecol. 16: 1787-1797.

32 Rana temporaria

Veith, M., J. Kosuch & M. Vences. 2003. Climatic oscillations triggered post-Messinian speciation of Western Palearctic brown frogs (Amphibia, Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26: 310-327.

Class: Reptilia

Order: Testudines

Family: Testudinidae

33 Testudo graeca

Fritz, U., A.K. Hundsdörfer, P. Široký, M. Auer, H. Kami, J. Lehmann, L.F. Mazanaeva, O. Türkozan & M. Wink. 2007. Phenotypic plasticity leads to incongruence between morphology-based taxonomy and genetic differentiation in western Palaearctic tortoises (Testudo graeca complex; Testudines, Testudinidae). Amphibia-Reptilia. 28: 97-121.

34 Testudo hermanni

Fritz, U., M. Auer, A. Bertolero, M. Cheylan, T. Fattizzo, A.K. Hundsdörfer, M.M. Sampayo, J.L. Pretus, P. Široký & M. Wink. 2006. A rangewide phylogeography of Hermann´s tortoise, Testudo hermanni (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae): implications for taxonomy. Zoolog. Scripta. 35: 531-543.

Perez, M., B. Livoreil, S. Mantovani, M.-C. Boisselier, B. Crestanello, J. Abdelkrim, C. Bonillo, V. Goutner, J. Lambourdière, M. Pierpaoli, B. Sterijovski, L. Tomović, S.T. Vilaça, S. Mazzotti & G. Bertorelle. 2014. Genetic Variation and Population Structure in the Endangered Hermann’s Tortoise: The Roles of Geography and Human-Mediated Processes. J. Hered. 105: 70-81.

35 Testudo marginata

Family: Geoemydidae

36 Mauremys rivulata

Mantziou, G., N. Poulakakis, P. Lymberakis, E. Valakos & M. Mylonas. 2004. The inter- and intraspecific status of Aegean Mauremys rivulata (Chelonia, Bataguridae) as inferred by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Herpetol. J. 14: 34-45.

Fritz, U., D. Ayaz, J. Buschbom, H.G. Kami, L.F. Mazanaeva, A.A. Aloufi, M. Auer, L. Rifai, T. Šilić & A.K. Hundsdörfer. 2008. Go east: phylogeographies of Mauremys caspica and M. rivulata – discordance of morphology, mitochondrial and nuclear genomic markers and rare hybridization. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 527-540.

Vamberger, M., H. Stuckas, D. Ayaz, P. Lymberakis, P. Široký & U. Fritz. 2014. Massive transoceanic gene flow in a freshwater turtle (Testudines: Geoemydidae: Mauremys rivulata). Zoolog. Scripta 43: 313-322.

Family: Emydidae

37 Emys orbicularis

Lenk, P., U. Fritz, U. Joger & M. Wink. 1999. Mitochondrial phylogeography of the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758). Mol. Ecol. 8: 1911-1922.

Fritz, U., D. Guicking, H. Kami, M. Arakelyan, M. Auer, D. Ayaz, C.A. Fernández, A.G. Bakiev, A. Celani, G. Džukić, S. Fahd, P. Havaš, U. Joger, V.F. Khabibullin, L.F. Mazanaeva, P. Široký, S. Tripepi, A.V. Vélez, G.V. Antón & M. Wink. 2007. Mitochondrial phylogeography of European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis, Emys trinacris) – an update. Amphibia-Reptilia. 28: 418-426.

Sommer, R.S., A. Persson, N. Wieseke & U. Fritz. 2007. Holocene recolonization and extinction of the pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (L., 1758), in Europe. Quaternary Sci. Rev. 26: 3099-3107.

Pedall, I., U. Fritz, H. Stuckas, A. Valdeón & M. Wink. 2011. Gene flow across secondary contact zones of the Emys orbicularis complex in the Western Mediterranean and evidence for extinction and re-introduction of pond turtles on Corsica and Sardinia (Testudines: Emydidae). J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 49: 44-57.

Vamberger, M., H. Stuckas, F. Sacco, S. D´Angelo, M. Arculeo, M. Cheylan, C. Corti, M. Lo Valvo, F. Marrone, M. Wink & U. Fritz. 2015. Differences in gene flow in a twofold secondary contact zone of pond turtles in southern Italy (Testudines: Emydidae: Emys orbicularis galloitalica, E. o. hellenica, E. trinacris). Zoolog. Scripta. 44: 233-249.

Order: Squamata

Family: Agamidae

38 Stellagama stellio

Brammah, M., J.I. Hoffman & W. Amos. 2010. Genetic divergence between and within two subspecies of Laudakia stellio on islands in the Greek Cyclades. Herpetological Journal 20: 91-98.

Family: Chamaeleonidae

39 Chamaeleo africanus

Kosuch, J., M. Vences & W. Böhme. 1999. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data support the allocation of Greek mainland chameleons to Chamaeleo africanus. Amphibia-Reptilia. 20: 440-443.

Dimaki, M., A.K. Hundsdörfer & U. Fritz. 2008. Eastern Mediterranean chameleons (Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Ch. africanus) are distinct. Amphibia-Reptilia. 29: 535-540.

Family: Gekkonidae

40 Hemidactylus turcicus

Carranza, S. & E.N. Arnold. 2006. Systematics, biogeography and evolution of Hemidactylus geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) elucidated using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 38: 531-545.

Rato, C., S. Carranza & D.J. Harris. 2011. When selection deceives phylogeographic interpretation: The case of the Mediterranean house gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 58: 365-373.

41 Mediodactylus kotschyi

Kasapidis, P., A. Magoulas, M. Mylonas & E. Zouros. 2005. The phylogeography of the gecko Cyrtopodion kotschyi (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) in the Aegean archipelago. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 35: 612-623.

Family: Phyllodactylidae

42 Tarentola mauritanica

Harris, D.J., V. Batista, P. Lymberakis & M.A. Carretero. 2004. Complex estimates of evolutionary relationships in Tarentola mauritanica (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) derived from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 30: 855-859.

Rato, C., S. Carranza, A. Perea, M.A. Carretero & D.J. Harris. 2010. Conflicting patterns of nucleodite diversity between mtDNA and nDNA in the Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 56: 962-971.

Rato, C., S. Carranza & D.J. Harris. 2012. Evolutionary history of the genus Tarentola (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae) from the Mediterranean Basin, estimated using multilocus sequence data. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12: 14.

Mačát, Z., M. Starcová, J. Červenka, D. Jablonski & M. Šandera. 2014. A molecular assessment and first record of Tarentola mauritanica (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) on Corfu, Greece. Salamandra. 50: 172-176.

Rato, C., D.J. Harris, S. Carranza, L. Machado & A. Perera. 2016. The taxonomy of the Tarentola mauritanica species complex (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae): Bayesian species delimitation supports six candidate species. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 94: 271-278.

Family: Lacertidae

43 Algyroides moreoticus

Mendes, J., D. J. Harris. S. Carranza & D. Salvi. 2016. Evaluating the phylogenetic signal limit from mitogenomes, slow evolving nuclear genes, and the concatenation approach. New insights into the Lacertini radiation using fast evolving nuclear genes and species trees. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 100: 254-267.

44 Algyroides nigropunctatus

45 Anatololacerta anatolica

Bellati, A., S. Carranza, J. Garcia-Porta, M. Fasola & R. Sindaco. 2015. Cryptic diversity within the Anatololacerta species complex (Squamata: Lacertidae) in the Anatolian Peninsula: Evidence from a multi-locus approach. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 82: 219-233.

Candan, K., T. Kankılıç, Ö. Güçlü, Y. Kumlutaş, S.H. Durmuş, P. Lymberakis, N. Poulakakis & C. Ilgaz. 2014. First assessment on the molecular phylogeny of Anatololacerta (Squamata, Lacertidae) distributed in Southern Anatolia: insights from mtDNA and nDNA markers. Mitochondrial DNA. 9: 1-8.

46 Dalmatolacerta oxycephala

Podnar, M., B.B. Mađarić, W. Mayer. 2014. Non-concordant phylogeographical patterns of three widely codistributed endemic Western Balkans lacertid lizards (Reptilia, Lacertidae) shaped by specific habitat requirements and different responses to Pleistocene climatic oscillations. J. Zoolog. Syst. Evol. Res. 52: 119-129.

47 Darevskia praticola

Freitas, S., A. Vavakou, M. Arakelyan, S.V. Drovetski, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, A.A. Kidov, D. Cogălniceanu, C. Corti, P. Lymberakis, D.J. Harris & M.A. Carretero. 2016. Cryptic diversity and unexpected evolutionary patterns in the meadow lizard, Darevskia praticola (Eversmann, 1834). Systematics & Biodiversity. 14: 184-197.

48 Dinarolacerta montenegrina

Ljubisavljević, K., O. Arribas, G. Džukić & S. Carranza. 2007. Genetic and morphological differentiation of Mosor rock lizard, Dinarolacerta mosorensis (Kolombatović, 1886), with the description of a new species from the Prokletije Mountain Massif (Montenegro) (Squamata: Lacertidae). Zootaxa. 1613: 1-22.

49 Dinarolacerta mosorensis

50 Eremias arguta

Poyarkov Jr., N.A., V.F. Orlova & M.A. Chirikova. 2014. The mitochondrial phylogeography and intraspecific taxonomy of the Steppe Racerunner, Eremias arguta (Pallas) (Lacertidae: Sauria, Reptilia), reflects biogeographic patterns in Middle Asia. Zootaxa. 3895: 208-224.

populations from Romania not investigated.

51 Hellenolacerta graeca

52 Iberolacerta horvathi

Crochet, P.-A., O. Chaline, Y. Surget-Groba, C. Debain & M. Cheylan. 2004. Speciation in mountains: phylogeography and phylogeny of the lizards genus Iberolacerta (Reptilia: Lacertidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 30: 860-866.

53 Lacerta agilis

Kalyabina-Hauf, S.A., K.D. Milto, N.B. Anajeva, L. Legal, U. Joger & M. Wink. 2001. Phylogeography and systematics of Lacerta agilis based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences: first results. Russ. J. Herpetol. 8: 149-158.

Andres, C., F. Franke, C. Bleidorn, D. Bernhard & M. Schlegel. 2014. Phylogenetics analysis of the Lacerta agilis subspecies complex. Systematics and Biodiversity 12: 43-54.

Sagonas, K., N. Poulakakis, P. Lymberakis, A. Parmakelis, P. Pafilis & E.D. Valakos. 2014. Molecular systematics and historical biogeography of the green lizards (Lacerta) in Greece: Insights from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 76: 144-154.

54 Lacerta bilineata

Joger, U., T. Amann & M. Veith. 2001. Phylogeographie und genetische Differenzierung im Lacerta viridis/bilineata Komplex. Mertensiella. 13: 60-68.

Brückner, M., B. Klein, A. Düring, T. Mentel, S. Rabus & J.T. Soller (2001). Phylogeographische Analyse des Lacerta viridis/bilineata Komplexes: Molekulare Muster und Verbreitung. Mertensiella. 13: 45–51.

Godinho, R., E.G. Crespo, N. Ferrand & D.J. Harris. 2005. Phylogeny and evolution of the green lizards, Lacerta spp. (Squamata: Lacertidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Amphibia-Reptilia. 26: 271-285.

Böhme, M.U., U. Fritz, T. Kotenko, G. Džukić, K. Ljubisavljević, N. Tzankov & T.U. Berendonk. 2007. Phylogeography and cryptic variation within the Lacerta viridis complex (Lacertidae, Reptilia). Zoolog. Scripta. 36: 119-131.

Marzahn, E., W. Mayer, U. Joger, Ç. Ilgaz, D. Jablonski, C. Kindler, Y. Kumlutaş, A. Nistri, N. Schneeweiß, M. Vamberger, A. Žagar & U. Fritz. 2016. Phylogeography of the Lacerta viridis complex: mitochondrial and nuclear markers provide taxonomic insights. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 54: 85-105.

55 Lacerta trilineata

Ahmadzadeh, F., Flecks, M., Rödder, D., Böhme, W., Ilgaz, Ç., Harris, D.J., Engler, J.O., Üzüm, N., Carretero, M.A., 2013. Multiple dispersal out of Anatolia: biogeography and evolution of oriental green lizards. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 398-408.

56 Lacerta viridis complex

Joger, U., T. Amann & M. Veith. 2001. Phylogeographie und genetische Differenzierung im Lacerta viridis/bilineata Komplex. Mertensiella. 13: 60-68.

57 Ophisops elegans

Kyriazi, P., N. Poulakakis, A. Parmakelis, P.A. Crochet, J. Moravec, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, C.S. Tsigenopoulos, A. Magoulas, M. Mylonas & P. Lymberakis. 2008. Mitochondrial DNA reveals the genealogical history of the snake-eyed lizards (Ophisops elegans and O. occidentalis) (Sauria: Lacertidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 49: 795-805.

58 Podarcis cretensis

Poulakakis, N., P. Lymberakis, A. Antouniou, D. Chalkia Zouros, M. Mylonas & E. Valakos. 2003. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the wall-lizard Podarcis erhardii (Squamata: Lacertidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 28: 38-46.

Lymberakis, P., N. Poulakakis, A. Kaliontzopoulou, E. Valakos & M. Mylonas. 2008. Two new species of Podarcis (Squamata; Lacertidae) from Greece. Syst. Biodivers. 6: 307-318.

Poulakakis, N., P. Lymberakis, E. Valakos, E. Zouros & M. Mylonas. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Podarcis species from the Balkan Peninsula, by bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 37: 845-857.

59 Podarcis erhardii

Lymberakis, P., N. Poulakakis, A. Kaliontzopoulou, E. Valakos & M. Mylonas. 2008. Two new species of Podarcis (Squamata; Lacertidae) from Greece. Syst. Biodivers. 6: 307-318.

60 Podarcis gaigeae

Runemark, A., J. Hey, B. Hansson & E.I. Svensson. 2012. Vicariance divergence and gene flow among islet populations of an endemic lizard. Mol. Ecol. 21: 117-129.

61 Podarcis levendis

Lymberakis, P., N. Poulakakis, A. Kaliontzopoulou, E. Valakos & M. Mylonas. 2008. Two new species of Podarcis (Squamata; Lacertidae) from Greece. Syst. Biodivers. 6: 307-318.

62 Podarcis melisellensis

Podnar, M., W. Mayer & N. Tvrtković. 2004. Mitochondrial phylogeography of the Dalmatian wall lizard, Podarcis melisellensis (Lacertidae). Org. Divers. Evol. 4: 307-317.

63 Podarcis milensis

Poulakakis, N., P. Lymberakis, E. Valakos, P. Pafilis, E. Zouros & M. Mylonas. 2005. Phylogeography of Balkan wall lizard (Podarcis tauricus) and its relatives inferred from, E. mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Ecol. 14: 2433-2443.

64 Podarcis muralis

Salvi, D., D.J. Harris, A. Kaliontzopoulou, M.A. Carretero & C. Pinho. 2013. Persistence across Pleistocene ice ages in Mediterranean and extra-Mediterranean refugia: phylogeographic insights from the common wall lizard. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 147.

65 Podarcis peloponnesiacus

66 Podaris siculus

Podnar, M., W. Mayer & N. Tvrtković. 2005. Phylogeography of the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis sicula, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Ecol. 14: 575-588.

Silva-Rocha, I., D. Salvi, D.J. Harris, S. Freitas, C. Davis, J. Foster, G. Deichsel, C. Adamopoulou & M.A. Carretero 2014. Molecular assessment of Podarcis sicula populations in Britain, Greece and Turkey reinforces a multiple-origin invasion pattern in this species. Acta Herpetol. 9: 253-258.

67 Podarcis tauricus

68 Podarcis ionicus complex

Psonis, N., A. Antoniou, O. Kukushkin, D. Jablonski, B. Petrov, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, K. Soutiropoulos, I. Gherghel, P. Lymberakis & N. Poulakakis. 2017. Hidden diversity in the Podarcis tauricus (Sauria, Lacertidae) species subgroup in the light of multilocus phylogeny and species delimitation. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 106: 6-17

69 Zootoca vivipara

Mayer, W., W. Böhme, F. Tiedemann & W. Bischoff. 2000. On viviparous populations of Zootoca vivipara (Jacquin, 1787) in south-eastern Central Europe and their phylogenetic relationship to neighbouring viviparous and South-west Europas oviparous populations. Herpetozoa. 13: 59-69.

Surget-Groba, Y., B. Heulin, C.-P. Guillaume, M. Puky, D. Semenov, V. Orlova, L. Kupriyanova, I. Ghira & B. Šmajda. 2006. Multiple origins of viviparity, or reversal from viviparity to oviparity? The European common lizard (Zootoca vivipara, Lacertidae) and the evolution of parity. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 87: 1-11.

Surget-Groba, Y., B. Heulin, C.-P. Guillaume, R. S. Thorpe, L. Kupriyanova, N. Vogrin, R. Maslak, S. Mazzotti, M. Venczel, I. Ghira, G. Odierna, O. Leontyeva, J. C. Monney & N. Smith. 2001. Intraspecific Phylogeography of Lacerta vivipara and the Evolution of Viviparity. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 18: 449-459.

Surget-Groba, Y., B. Heulin, S. Ghielmi, C.-P. Guillaume & N. Vogrin. 2002. Phylogeography and conservation of the populations of Zootoca vivipara carniolica. Biological Conservation. 106: 365-372.

Cornetti, L., M. Menegon, G. Giovine, B. Heulin & C. Vernesi. 2014. Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Survey of Zootoca vivipara across the Eastern Italian Alps: Evolutionary Relationships, Historical Demography and Conservation Implications. PLOS One: e85912.

Velekei, B., F. Lakatos, S.-D. Covaciu-Marcov, I. Sas-Kovacs & M. Puky. 2015. New Zootoca vivipara (Lichtenstein, 1823) haplogroups in the Carpathians. North-Western Journal of Zoology. 11: 363-365.

Eugongylidae

70 Ablepharus kitaibelii

Poulakakis, N., P. Lymberakis, C.S. Tsigenopoulos, A. Magoulas & M. Mylonas. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of snake-eyed skink Ablepharus kitaibelii (Sauria: Scincidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34: 245-256.

Skourtanioti, E. P. Kapli, Ç. Ilgaz, Y. Kumlutas, A. Avci, F. Ahmadzadeh, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, I. Gherghel, P. Lymberakis & N. Poulakakis. 2016. A reinvestigation of phylogeny and divergence times of the Ablepharus kitaibelii species complex (Sauria, Scincidae) based on mtDNA and nuDNA genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 103: 199-214.

Scincidae

71 Chalcides ocellatus

Kornilios, P., P. Kyriazi, N. Poulakakis, Y. Kumlutaş, C. Ilgaz, M. Mylonas & P. Lymberakis. 2010. Phylogeography of the ocellated skink Chalcides ocellatus (Squamata, Scincidae), with the use of mtDNA sequences: A hitch-hiker´s guide to the Mediterranean. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 54: 445-456.

72 Ophiomorus punctatissimus

Poulakakis, N., V. Pakaki, M. Mylonas & P. Lymberakis. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of the Greek legless skink Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Squamata: Scincidae): The impact of the Mid-Aegean trench in its phylogeography. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 47: 396-402.

73 Trachylepis aurata

Güçlü, Ö., K. Candan, T. Kankılıç, Y. Kumlutaş, S.H. Durmuş, N. Poulakakis & C. Ilgaz. 2014. Phylogeny of Trachylepis sp. (Reptilia) from Turkey inferred from mtDNA sequences. Mitochondrial DNA. 25: 456-463.

population from Greek Islands not investigated.

Anguidae

74 Anguis cephallonica

Mayer, W., H. Grillitsch & A. Cabela. 1991. Proteinelektrophoretische Untersuchungen zur Systematik der südgriechischen Blindschleiche (Squamata: Anguidae). Herpetozoa. 4: 157-165.

Gvoždík, V., D. Jandzík, P. Lymberakis, D. Jablonski & J. Moravec. 2010. Slow Worm, Anguis fragilis (Reptilia: Anguidae) as a species complex: Genetic structure reveals deep divergences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 55: 460-472.

Thanou, E., S. Giokas & P. Kornilios. 2014. Phylogeography and genetic structure of the slow worms Anguis cephallonica and Anguis graeca (Squamata: Anguidae) from the southern Balkan Peninsula. Amphibia-Reptilia. 35: 263-269.

Jablonski, D., D. Jandzik, P. Mikulíček, G. Džukić, K. Ljubisavljević, N. Tzankov, D. Jelić, E. Thanou, J. Moravec & V. Gvoždík. 2016. Contrasting evolutionary histories of the legless lizards slow worms (Anguis) shaped by the topography of the Balkan Peninsula. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16:99.

75 Anguis colchica

Gvoždík, V., N. Benkovský, A. Crottini, A. Bellati, J. Moravec, A. Romano, R. Sacchi & D. Jandzik. 2013. An ancient lineage of slow worms, genus Anguis (Squamata: Anguidae), survived in the Italian Peninsula. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 69: 1077-1092.

Keskin, E., S. Hayretdağ, K. Çiçek, D. Ayaz & C.V. Tok. 2013. Genetic Structuring of Anguis fragilis (L., 1758) inhabiting in the North of 40° North Latitude in Turkey. Mitochondrial DNA. 24: 565-576.

Szabó, K. & J. Vörös. 2014. Distribution and hybridization of Anguis fragilis and A. colchica in Hungary. Amphibia-Reptilia 35: 135-140.

76 Anguis fragilis

Szabó, K. & J. Vörös. 2014. Distribution and hybridization of Anguis fragilis and A. colchica in Hungary. Amphibia-Reptilia 35: 135-140.

77 Anguis graeca

78 Pseudopus apodus

Keskin, E., C.V. Tok, S. Hayretdağ, K. Çiçek, D. Ayaz. 2013. Genetic Structuring of Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775) (Sauria: Anguidae) in North Anatolia, Turkey. Biochem. Sys. Ecol. 50: 411-418.

Typhlopidae

79 Xerotyphlops vermicularis

Kornilios, P., C. Ilgaz, Y. Kumlutas, P. Lymberakis, J. Moravec, R. Sindaco, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, M. Afroosheh, S. Giokas, S. Fraguedakis-Tsolis & B. Chondropoulos. 2012. Neogene climatic oscillations shape the biogeography and evolutionary history of the Eurasian blindsnake. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 62: 856-873.

Erycidae

80 Eryx jaculus

Psammophiidae

81 Malpolon insignitus

Carranza, S., E.N. Arnold & J.M. Pleguezuelos. 2006. Phylogeny, biogeography, and evolution of two Mediterranean snakes, Malpolon monspessulanus and Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Squamata, Colubridae), using mtDNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 40: 532-546.

Natricidae

82 Natrix natrix

Guicking, D., R. Lawson, U. Joger & M. Wink. 2006. Evolution and phylogeny of the genus Natrix (Serpentes: Colubridae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 87: 127-143.

Fritz, U., C. Corti & M. Päckert. 2012. Mitochondrial DNA sequences suggest unexpected phylogenetic position of Corso-Sardinian grass snakes (Natrix cetti) and do not support their species status, with notes on phylogeography and subspecies delineation of grass snakes. Org. Divers. Evol. 12: 71-80.

Kindler, C., W. Böhme, C. Corti, V. Gvoždík, D. Jablonski, D. Jandzik, M. Metallinou, P. Široký & U. Fritz. 2013. Mitochondrial phylogeography, contact zones and taxonomy of grass snakes (Natrix natrix, N. megalocephala). Zoolog. Scripta. 42: 458-472.

83 Natrix tessellata complex

Guicking, D., R. Lawson, U. Joger & M. Wink. 2006. Evolution and phylogeny of the genus Natrix (Serpentes: Colubridae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 87: 127-143.

Guicking, D., U. Joger & M. Wink. 2009. Cryptic diversity in a Eurasian water snake (Natrix tessellata, Serpentes: Colubridae): evidence from mitochondrial sequence data and nuclear ISSR-PCR fingerprinting. Org. Divers. Evol. 9: 201-214.

Marosi, B., O.I. Zinenko, I.V. Ghira, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, P. Lymberakis, T. Sos & O. Popescu. 2012. Molecular data confirm recent fluctuations of northern border of dice snake (Natrix tessellata) range in Eastern Europe. North-West. J. Zool. 8. 374-377.

Kyriazi, P., P. Kornilios, Z.T. Nagy, N. Poulakakis, Y. Kumlutaş, Ç. Ilgaz, A. Avcı, B. Göçmen & P. Lymberakis. 2013. Comparative phylogeography reveals distinct colonization patterns of Cretan snakes. J. Biogeogr. 40: 1143-1155.

Colubridae

84 Coronella austriaca

Santos, X., J. Roca, J.M. Pleguezuelos, D. Donaire & S. Carranza. 2008. Biogeography and evolution of the Smooth snake Coronella austriaca (Serpentes: Colubridae) in the Iberian Peninsula: evidence for Messinian refuges and Pleistocene range expansions. Amphibia-Reptilia. 29: 35-47.

Galarza, J.A., J. Mappes & J.K. Valkonen. 2015. Biogeography of the smooth snake (Coronella austriaca): origin and conservation of the northernmost population. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 114: 426-435.

Sztencel-Jabłonka, A., T.D. Mazgajski, S. Bury, B. Najbar, M. Rybacki, W. Bogdanowicz & J. Mazgajska. 2015. Phylogeography of the smooth snake Coronella austriaca (Serpentes: Colubridae): evidence for a reduced gene pool and a genetic discontinuity in Central Europe. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 195-210.

85 Dolichophis caspius

Nagy, Z.T., M. Bellaagh, M. Wink, A. Paunović & Z. Korsós. 2010. Phylogeography of the Caspian whipsnake in Europe with emphasis on the westernmost populations. Amphibia-Reptilia. 31: 455-461.

86 Eirenis modestus

Nagy, Z.T., J.F. Schmidtler, U. Joger & M. Wink. 2004. Systematik der Zwergnattern (Reptilia: Colubridae: Eirenis) und verwandter Gruppen anhand von DNA-Sequenzen und morphologischen Daten. Salamandra. 39: 149-168.

87 Elaphe quatuorlineata

Kornilios, P., E. Thanou, P. Lymberakis, R. Sindaco, C. Liuzzi & S. Giokas. 2013. Mitochondrial phylogeography, intraspecific diversity and phenotypic convergence in the four-lined snake (Reptilia, Squamata). Zoolog. Scripta 43: 149-160.

88 Elaphe sauromates

89 Hemorrhois nummifer

90 Hierophis gemonensis

Utiger, U. & B. Schätti. 2004. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Cyprus racer, Hierophis cypriensis, and the systematic status of Coluber gemonensis gyaronensis Mertens (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubrinae). Rev. Suis. Zool. 111: 225-238.

Mezzasalma, M., A. Dall´Asta, A. Loy, M. Cheylan, P. Lymberakis, M.A.L. Zuffi, L. Tomović, G. Odierna & F.M.Guarino. 2015. A sisters´ story: comparative phylogeography and taxonomy of Hierophis viridiflavus and H. gemonensis (Serpentes, Colubridae). Zoolog. Scripta. 44: 495-508.

91 Hierophis carbonarius

Schätti, B. & U. Utiger. 2001. Hemerophis, a new genus for Zamenis socotrae Günther, and a contribution to the phylogeny of Old World racers, whip snakes, and related genera (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubrinae). Rev. Suis. Zool. 108: 919-948.

Nagy, Z.T., U. Joger, D. Guicking & M. Wink. 2002. Phylogeography of the European Whip Snake, Coluber (Hierophis) viridiflavus as inferred from nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and ISSR genomic fingerprinting. Biota. 3: 109-118.

Rato, C., M.A.L. Zuffi, C. Corti, S. Fornasiero, A. Gentilli, E. Razzetti, S. Scali, M.A. Carretero & D.J. Harris. 2009. Phylogeography of the European Whip Snake, Hierophis viridiflavus (Colubridae), using mtDNA and nuclear DNA sequences. Amphibia–Reptilia 30: 283-289.

92 Platyceps collaris

93 Platyceps najadum

94 Telescopus fallax

95 Zamenis longissimus

Musilová, R., V. Zavadil, S. Marková & P. Kotlík. 2010. Relics of the Europe´s warm past: Phylogeography of the Aesculapian snake. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 57: 1245-1252.

96 Zamenis situla

Viperidae

97 Macrovipera schweizeri

98 Montivipera xanthina

Stümpel, N., M. Rajabizadeh, A. Avcı, W. Wüster & U. Joger. 2016. Phylogeny and diversiﬁcation of mountain vipers (Montivipera, Nilson et al., 2001) triggered by multiple Plio–Pleistocene refugia and high-mountain topography in the Near and Middle East. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 101: 336-351.

99 Vipera ammodytes

Ursenbacher, S., S. Schweiger, L. Tomović, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, L. Fumagalli & W. Mayer. 2008. Molecular phylogeography of the nose-horned viper (Vipera ammodytes, Linnaeus (1758)): Evidence for high genetic diversity and multiple refugia in the Balkan peninsula. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46: 1116-1128.

100 Vipera aspis

Ursenbacher, S., A. Conelli, P. Golay, J.-C. Monney, M.A.L. Zuffi, G. Thiery, T. Durand & L. Fumagalli. 2006. Phylogeography of the asp viper (Vipera aspis) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence data: Evidence for multiple Mediterranean refugial areas. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 38: 546-552.

population from Slovenia not investigated.

101 Vipera berus

Kalyabina-Hauf, S.A., S. Schweiger, U. Joger, W. Mayer & M. Wink. 2004. Phylogeny and systematics of adders (Vipera berus complex). Mertensiella. 15: 7-16.

Ursenbacher, S., M. Carlsson, V. Helfer, H. Tegelström & L. Fumagalli. 2006. Phylogeography and Pleistocene refugia of the adder (Vipera berus) as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences data. Mol. Ecol. 15: 3425-3437.

102 Vipera ursinii complex

Gvoždík, V., D. Jandzík, B. Cordos, I. Rehák & P. Kotlík. 2012. A mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the endangered vipers of the Vipera ursinii complex. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 62: 1019-1024.

Ferchaud, A.-L., S. Ursenbacher, M. Cheylan, L. Luiselli, D. Jelić, B. Halpern, Á. Major, T. Kotenko, N. Keyan, R. Behrooz, J. Crnobrnja-Isailović, L. Tomović, I. Ghira, Y. Ioannidis, V. Arnal & C. Montgelard. 2012. Phylogeography of the Vipera ursinii complex (Viperidae): mitochondrial markers reveal an east–west disjunction in the Palaearctic region. J. Biogeogr. 39: 1836-1847.

Zinenko, O., N. Stümpel, L. Mazanaeva, A. Bakiev, K. Shiryaev, A. Pavlov, T. Kotenko, O. Kukushkin, Y. Chikin, T. Duisebayeva, G. Nilson, N.L. Orlov, S. Tuniyev, N.B. Ananjeva, R.W. Murphy & U. Joger. 2015. Mitochondrial phylogeny shows multiple independent ecological transition and northern dispersion despite of Pleistocene glaciations in meadow and steppe vipers (Vipera ursinii and Vipera renardi). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 84: 85-100.

Mizsei, E., B. Üveges, B. Vági, M. Szabolcs, S. Lengyel, W.P. Pfliegler, Z.T. Nagy & J.P. Tóth. 2016. Species distribution modelling leads to the discovery of new populations of one of the least known European snakes, Vipera ursinii graeca, in Albania. Amphibia-Reptilia. 37: 55-68.

General biogeographic works on the Balkans herpetofauna

Taberlet, P., L. Fumagalli, A.G. Wust-Saucy & J.F. Cosson. 1998. Comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in Europe. Mol. Ecol. 7: 453-464.

Džukić, G. & M.L. Kalezić. 2004. The Biodiversity of Amphibians and Reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. Pp. 167-192. In: Griffiths H.I. (Ed.). Balkan Biodiversity. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 357 pp.

Crnobrnja-Isailović, J. 2007. Cross-section of a refugium: genetic diversity of amphibian and reptile populations in the Balkans. In: Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia (Eds. Weiss S, Ferrand N), pp. 327–337. Springer, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Schmitt, T. 2007. Molecular biogeography of Europe: Pleistocene cycles and postglacial trends. Front. Zool. 4: 11.

Joger, U., U. Fritz, D. Guicking, S.A. Kalyabina-Hauf, Z.T. Nagy & M. Wink. 2007. Phylogeography of western Palaearctic reptiles – Spatial and temporal speciation patterns. Zool. Anz. 246: 293-313.

Savić, I.R. 2008. Diversification of the Balkan fauna: its origin, historical development and present status. pp. 57-79. In: Makarov, Dimitrijević (Eds.), Advances in Arachnology and Developmental Biology. Papers dedicated to Prof. Dr. Božidar Ćurčić. Inst. Zool., Belgrade; BAS, Sofia, Fac. Life sci., Vienna; SASA, Belgrade & UNESCO MAB Committee, Serbia. ViennaBelgrade-Sofia, Monographs, 12.

Joger, U., U. Fritz, D. Guicking, S.A. Kalyabina-Hauf, Z.T. Nagy & M. Wink. 2010. Relict populations and endemic clades in palearctic reptiles: evolutionary history and implications for conservation. Pp. 119-143. In: J.C. Habel & T. Assmann (Eds.). Relict Species: Phylogeography and Conservation Biology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. 468 pp.

Lymberakis, P. & N. Poulakakis. 2010. Three Continents Claiming an Archipelago: The Evolution of Aegean´s Herpetofaunal Diversity. Diversity 2: 233-255.

Schmitt, T. & Z. Varga. 2012. Extra-Mediterranean refugia: The rule and not the exception? Front. Zool. 9: 22.

Dufresnes, C. & N. Perrin. 2015. Effect of biogeographic history on population vulnerability in European amphibians. Conserv. Biol. 29: 1235-1241.

Poulakakis, N., P. Kapli, P. Lymberakis, A. Trichas, K. Vardinoyiannis, S. Sfenthourakis & M. Mylonas (2015). A review of phylogeographic analyses of animal taxa from the Aegean and surrounding regions. J. Zoolog. Syst. Evol. Res. 53: 18-32.